African Animal That Looks Like a Donkey

African Animal That Looks Like a Donkey

Species of mammal

Okapi
Saint-Aignan (Loir-et-Cher). Okapi.jpg
At Beauval Zoo
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Grade: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family unit: Giraffidae
Genus: Okapia
Lankester, 1901
Species:

O. johnstoni

Binomial name
Okapia johnstoni

(P.L. Sclater, 1901)
Okapia johnstoni range map.png
Range of the okapi

The okapi (; Okapia johnstoni), also known as the wood giraffe, Congolese giraffe, or zebra giraffe, is an artiodactyl mammal that is endemic to the northeast Congo-kinshasa in central Africa. Although the okapi has striped markings reminiscent of zebras, information technology is most closely related to the giraffe. The okapi and the giraffe are the only living members of the family Giraffidae.

The okapi stands almost 1.v m (4.ix ft) tall at the shoulder and has a typical body length around 2.5 m (viii.2 ft). Its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb). Information technology has a long neck, and large, flexible ears. Its glaze is a chocolate to reddish brown, much in dissimilarity with the white horizontal stripes and rings on the legs, and white ankles. Male okapis accept brusque, distinct horn-like protuberances on their heads chosen ossicones, less than 15 cm (5.9 in) in length. Females possess hair whorls, and ossicones are absent-minded.

Okapis are primarily diurnal, but may be active for a few hours in darkness. They are essentially lonely, coming together only to breed. Okapis are herbivores, feeding on tree leaves and buds, grasses, ferns, fruits, and fungi. Heat in males and rut in females does non depend on the season. In captivity, heat cycles recur every 15 days. The gestational menstruation is around 440 to 450 days long, following which usually a single calf is born. The juveniles are kept in hiding, and nursing takes place infrequently. Juveniles starting time taking solid food from 3 months, and weaning takes place at six months.

Okapis inhabit canopy forests at altitudes of 500–1,500 1000 (1,600–4,900 ft). The International Matrimony for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources classifies the okapi equally endangered. Major threats include habitat loss due to logging and man settlement. Illegal mining and extensive hunting for bushmeat and skin have also led to a decline in populations. The Okapi Conservation Project was established in 1987 to protect okapi populations.

Etymology and taxonomy [ edit ]

Strips cutting from the striped office of the skin of an okapi, sent dwelling house by Sir Harry Johnston, were the first bear witness of the okapi's existence to reach Europe

Although the okapi was unknown to the Western globe until the 20th century, information technology may have been depicted since the early 5th century BCE on the façade of the Apadana at Persepolis, a gift from the Ethiopian procession to the Achaemenid kingdom. [2]

For years, Europeans in Africa had heard of an animal that they came to call the African unicorn. [3] [4] The animal was brought to prominent European attention past speculation on its being plant in press reports roofing Henry Morton Stanley's journeys in 1887. In his travelogue of exploring the Congo, Stanley mentioned a kind of donkey that the natives called the atti, which scholars later identified equally the okapi. Explorers may accept seen a fleeting view of the striped backside as the animal fled through the bushes, leading to speculation that the okapi was some sort of rainforest zebra.[ citation needed ]

When the British special commissioner in Republic of uganda, Sir Harry Johnston, discovered some Pygmy inhabitants of the Congo being abducted past a showman for exhibition, he rescued them and promised to return them to their homes. The Pygmies fed Johnston'south curiosity about the creature mentioned in Stanley's book. Johnston was puzzled by the okapi tracks the natives showed him; while he had expected to exist on the trail of some sort of forest-dwelling horse, the tracks were of a cloven-hoofed beast. [v]

Illustration from an original painting by Sir Harry Johnston, based on preserved skins (1901)

Though Johnston did not see an okapi himself, he did manage to obtain pieces of striped pare and eventually a skull. From this skull, the okapi was correctly classified as a relative of the giraffe; in 1901, the species was formally recognized equally Okapia johnstoni. [6]

Okapia johnstoni was first described equally Equus johnstoni by English language zoologist Philip Lutley Sclater in 1901. [7] The generic name Okapia derives either from the Mbuba name okapi [8] or the related Lese Karo name o'api , while the specific name (johnstoni) is in recognition of Johnston, who first acquired an okapi specimen for scientific discipline from the Ituri Forest. [6] [9]

In 1901, Sclater presented a painting of the okapi before the Zoological Society of London that depicted its concrete features with some clarity. Much confusion arose regarding the taxonomical status of this newly discovered animal. Sir Harry Johnston himself called it a Helladotherium , or a relative of other extinct giraffids. [10] Based on the clarification of the okapi by Pygmies, who referred to it as a "equus caballus", Sclater named the species Equus johnstoni. [11] Subsequently, zoologist Ray Lankester alleged that the okapi represented an unknown genus of the Giraffidae, which he placed in its ain genus, Okapia, and assigned the name Okapia johnstoni to the species. [12]

In 1902, Swiss zoologist Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major suggested the inclusion of O. johnstoni in the extinct giraffid subfamily Palaeotraginae. Still, the species was placed in its own subfamily Okapiinae, past Swedish palaeontologist Birger Bohlin in 1926, [13] mainly due to the lack of a cingulum, a major feature of the palaeotragids. [14] In 1986, Okapia was finally established as a sister genus of Giraffa on the basis of cladistic analysis. The 2 genera together with Palaeotragus constitute the tribe Giraffini. [15]

Development [ edit ]

Despite the vast difference in neck length, the okapi (left) and the giraffe (right) both have 7 cervical vertebrae (every bit practise all mammals except for manatees and sloths).

The primeval members of the Giraffidae get-go appeared in the early Miocene in Africa, having diverged from the superficially deer-like climacoceratids. Giraffids spread into Europe and Asia by the heart Miocene in a first radiations. Some other radiation began in the Pliocene, only was terminated by a pass up in multifariousness in the Pleistocene. [16] Several important primitive giraffids existed more or less contemporaneously in the Miocene (23–10 million years ago), including Canthumeryx , Giraffokeryx , Palaeotragus , and Samotherium . According to palaeontologist and author Kathleen Hunt, Samotherium split into Okapia (eighteen million years ago) and Giraffa (12 million years ago). [17] However, J. D. Skinner argued that Canthumeryx gave rise to the okapi and giraffe through the latter three genera and that the okapi is the extant grade of Palaeotragus. [18] The okapi is sometimes referred to as a living fossil, equally it has existed equally a species over a long geological fourth dimension menses, and morphologically resembles more primitive forms (eastward.g. Samotherium). [12] [19]

In 2016, a genetic study found that the common ancestor of giraffe and okapi lived about eleven.5 million years agone. [20]

Characteristics [ edit ]

Male person okapi displaying his striking horizontal stripes

The okapi is a medium-sized giraffid, standing 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulder. Its average body length is nigh 2.v m (8 ft two in) and its weight ranges from 200 to 350 kg (440 to 770 lb). [21] It has a long neck, and large and flexible ears. In precipitous contrast to the white horizontal stripes on the legs and white ankles, the okapi's coat is a chocolate to reddish brown. The distinctive stripes resemble those of a zebra. [22] These features serve equally an constructive cover-up amidst dense vegetation. The confront, pharynx, and breast are greyish white. Interdigital glands are present on all four feet, and are slightly larger on the forepart anxiety. [23] Male person okapis have short, hair-covered horn-like structures called ossicones, less than 15 cm (v.9 in) in length, which are similar in class and office to the ossicones of a giraffe. [24] The okapi exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females 4.ii cm (one.vii in) taller on average, slightly redder, and lacking prominent ossicones, instead possessing hair whorls. [25] [26]

The okapi shows several adaptations to its tropical habitat. The big number of rod cells in the retina facilitate night vision, and an efficient olfactory system is present. The big auditory bullae of the temporal bone allow a strong sense of hearing. The dental formula of the okapi is 0.0.3.3 three.1.3.3 . [23] Teeth are low-crowned and finely cusped, and efficiently cut tender foliage. The large cecum and colon aid in microbial digestion, and a quick rate of nutrient passage allows for lower cell wall digestion than in other ruminants. [27]

The okapi is hands distinguished from its nearest extant relative, the giraffe. It is much smaller than the giraffe and shares more external similarities with bovids and cervids. Ossicones are nowadays merely in the male okapi, while both sexes of giraffe possess this characteristic. The okapi has large palatine sinuses (hollow cavities in the palate), unique amongst the giraffids. Morphological features shared betwixt the giraffe and the okapi include a similar gait – both utilize a pacing gait, stepping simultaneously with the front end and the hind leg on the same side of the body, unlike other ungulates that walk past moving alternate legs on either side of the torso [28] – and a long, blackness tongue (longer in the okapi) useful for plucking buds and leaves, as well every bit for grooming. [27]

Ecology and behaviour [ edit ]

Okapis are primarily diurnal, simply may be active for a few hours in darkness. [29] They are essentially solitary, meeting only to brood. They accept overlapping habitation ranges and typically occur at densities around 0.6 animals per square kilometre. [22] Male home ranges average 13 kmii (5.0 sq mi), while female person dwelling ranges average 3–5 kmii (1.2–one.9 sq mi). Males drift continuously, while females are sedentary. [thirty] Males oftentimes mark territories and bushes with their urine, while females use common defecation sites. Grooming is a mutual practice, focused at the earlobes and the neck. Okapis ofttimes rub their necks against copse, leaving a brown exudate. [23]

The male is protective of his territory, but allows females to pass through the domain to forage. Males visit female abode ranges at convenance time. [27] Although more often than not tranquil, the okapi tin kicking and barrel with its head to show aggression. As the song cords are poorly adult, vocal communication is mainly restricted to three sounds — "chuff" (contact calls used past both sexes), "moan" (past females during courtship) and "bleat" (by infants under stress). Individuals may engage in Flehmen response, a visual expression in which the animal curls back its upper lips, displays the teeth, and inhales through the oral fissure for a few seconds. The leopard is the primary natural predator of the okapi. [23]

Diet [ edit ]

The long natural language of the okapi

Okapis are herbivores, feeding on tree leaves and buds, grasses, ferns, fruits, and fungi. They are unique in the Ituri Woods as they are the simply known mammal that feeds solely on understory vegetation, where they employ their 18-inch-long (46 cm) tongues to selectively browse for suitable plants. The tongue is as well used to groom their ears and eyes. [31] They prefer to feed in treefall gaps. The okapi has been known to feed on over 100 species of plants, some of which are known to exist poisonous to humans and other animals. Fecal analysis shows that none of those 100 species dominates the diet of the okapi. Staple foods contain shrubs and lianas. The main constituents of the diet are woody, dicotyledonous species; monocotyledonous plants are not eaten regularly. In the Ituri forest, the okapi feeds mainly upon the constitute families Acanthaceae, Ebenaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Violaceae. [23] [30]

Reproduction [ edit ]

A female okapi with her calf at White Oak Conservation

Female okapis become sexually mature at virtually i-and-a-half years onetime, while males reach maturity after two years. Oestrus in males and estrous in females does not depend on the season. In captivity, estrous cycles recur every fifteen days. [27] [32] The male person and the female begin courting past circling, smelling, and licking each other. The male person shows his interest by extending his neck, tossing his caput, and protruding 1 leg forrad. This is followed by mounting and copulation. [25]

The gestational menses is around 440 to 450 days long, following which usually a unmarried calf is built-in, weighing fourteen–xxx kg (31–66 lb). The udder of the pregnant female person starts swelling 2 months before parturition, and vulval discharges may occur. Parturition takes 3–four hours, and the female stands throughout this catamenia, though she may residue during brief intervals. The female parent consumes the afterbirth and extensively grooms the babe. Her milk is very rich in proteins and low in fat. [27]

Equally in other ruminants, the babe tin stand within thirty minutes of nascence. Although by and large similar to adults, newborn calves have long hairs around the center (resembling imitation eyelashes), a long dorsal mane, and long white hairs in the stripes. [33] These features gradually disappear and give fashion to the general advent within a yr. The juveniles are kept in hiding, and nursing takes place infrequently. Calves are known not to defecate for the commencement month or ii of life, which is hypothesized to help avert predator detection in their nearly vulnerable phase of life. [34] The growth rate of calves is appreciably loftier in the first few months of life, subsequently which it gradually declines. Juveniles start taking solid food from 3 months, and weaning takes identify at half dozen months. Ossicone evolution in males takes one year after birth. The okapi'southward typical lifespan is 20–30 years. [23]

Distribution and habitat [ edit ]

The okapi is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the congo, where it occurs northward and due east of the Congo River. It ranges from the Maiko National Park northward to the Ituri rainforest, then through the river basins of the Rubi, Lake Tele, and Ebola to the west and the Ubangi River further due north. Smaller populations be west and southward of the Congo River. Information technology is as well mutual in the Wamba and Epulu areas. It is extinct in Uganda. [1]

The okapi inhabits canopy forests at altitudes of 500–1,500 m (ane,600–4,900 ft). Information technology occasionally uses seasonally inundated areas, simply does not occur in gallery forests, swamp forests, and habitats disturbed by human settlements. In the wet season, it visits rocky inselbergs that offer forage uncommon elsewhere. Results of research conducted in the late 1980s in a mixed Cynometra wood indicated that the okapi population density averaged 0.53 animals per square kilometre. [xxx]

In 2008, it was recorded in Virunga National Park. [35]

At that place is testify that okapis were likewise observed in the Semuliki Valley in Uganda past Europeans, only later became extinct in the late 1970s. [36] The Semuliki Valley provides a like habitat to the Congo Basin.

Status [ edit ]

Threats and conservation [ edit ]

The IUCN classifies the okapi equally endangered. [37] It is fully protected under Congolese law. The Okapi Wildlife reserve and Maiko National Park support pregnant populations of the okapi, though a steady decline in numbers has occurred due to several threats. Other areas of occurrence are the Rubi Tele Hunting Reserve and the Abumombanzi Reserve. Major threats include habitat loss due to logging and homo settlement. Extensive hunting for bushmeat and skin and illegal mining have too led to population declines. A threat that has emerged quite recently is the presence of illegal armed groups around protected areas, inhibiting conservation and monitoring actions. A small population occurs north of the Virunga National Park, merely lacks protection due to the presence of armed groups in the vicinity. [1] In June 2012, a gang of poachers attacked the headquarters of the Okapi Biological reserve, killing six guards and other staff [38] besides as all 14 okapis at their breeding centre. [39]

The Okapi Conservation Project, established in 1987, works towards the conservation of the okapi, likewise as the growth of the ethnic Mbuti people. [1] In November 2011, the White Oak Conservation centre and Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens hosted an international meeting of the Okapi Species Survival Plan and the Okapi European Endangered Species Program at Jacksonville, which was attended by representatives from zoos from the United states of america, Europe, and Japan. The aim was to discuss the management of captive okapis and arrange support for okapi conservation. Many zoos in N America and Europe currently have okapis in captivity. [xl]

Okapis in zoos [ edit ]

Around 100 okapis are in accredited Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) zoos. The okapi population is managed in America past the AZA's Species Survival Plan, a breeding plan that works to ensure genetic variety in the captive population of endangered animals, while the EEP (European studbook) and ISB (Global studbook) are managed by Antwerp Zoo in Belgium, which was the first zoo to have an Okapi on brandish (in 1919), as well equally one of the most successful in breeding them. [41] [42]

In 1937, the Bronx Zoo became the first in North America to acquire an okapi. [43] With one of the nearly successful breeding programs, 13 calves have been built-in there since 1991. [44] The San Diego Zoo has exhibited okapis since 1956, and their showtime okapi calf was built-in in 1962. [45] Since then, in that location take been more than than lx okapis built-in at the zoo and the nearby San Diego Zoo Safari Park, the most recent being Mosi, a male calf born on 21 July 2017 at the zoo. [46] The Brookfield Zoo in Chicago has also greatly contributed to the captive population of okapis in accredited zoos. The zoo has had 28 okapi births since 1959. [47]

Other Due north American zoos that showroom and breed okapis include: Denver Zoo and Cheyenne Mountain Zoo (Colorado); Houston Zoo, Dallas Zoo, and San Antonio Zoo (Texas); Disney's Creature Kingdom, White Oak Conservation, Zoo Miami, and ZooTampa at Lowry Park (Florida); Los Angeles Zoo and Sacramento Zoo (California); Saint Louis Zoo (Missouri); Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden and Columbus Zoo and Aquarium (Ohio); Memphis Zoo and Nashville Zoo (Tennessee); The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore (Maryland); Sedgwick Canton Zoo and Tanganyika Wildlife Park (Kansas); Roosevelt Park Zoo [48] (North Dakota); Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium (Nebraska); Philadelphia Zoo (Pennsylvania); Potawatomi Zoo [49] (Indiana); Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden (Oklahoma); and Blank Park Zoo (Iowa). [50]

In Europe, zoos that exhibit and breed okapis include: Chester Zoo, London Zoo, Marwell Zoo, The Wild Place, [51] and Yorkshire Wildlife Park [52] (Uk); Dublin Zoo (Ireland); Berlin Zoo, Frankfurt Zoo, Wilhelma Zoo, Wuppertal Zoo, Cologne Zoo, and Leipzig Zoo (Germany); Zoo Basel (Switzerland); Copenhagen Zoo (Kingdom of denmark); Rotterdam Zoo and Safaripark Beekse Bergen (Netherlands); Dvůr Králové Zoo (Czech Republic); Wrocław Zoo (Poland); Bioparc Zoo de Doué and ZooParc de Beauval (France); and Lisbon Zoo (Portugal). [53]

In Asia, three Japanese zoos exhibit okapis: Ueno Zoo in Tokyo; Kanazawa Zoo and Zoorasia in Yokohama. [54]

References [ edit ]

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Further reading [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]

African Animal That Looks Like a Donkey

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okapi

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